We are looking at youth sports all wrong and that can lead to injuries and burnout
The fall youth sports season has barely begun, yet millions of parents have already filled up their kids' late summer and autumn calendars with practices, private coaching lessons and travel tournaments.
These parents mean well. They're trying to give their children every possible opportunity to succeed on the field or court.
But many parents have lost sight of what youth sports are meant to achieve. And worse, they're inadvertently putting their kids at risk of injuries or burnout that could harm their long-term health.
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I grew up playing sports. I love watching my own kids play them. As an orthopedic surgeon who has worked with the New York Mets, I've spent much of my life on, or near, the field.
Those experiences have taught me that we're approaching youth sports all wrong.
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Too many parents and coaches view youth sports as a pathway to fame or fortune – to win a championship, earn a scholarship, or go pro. So, they push children to do too much, too soon.
Children are not miniature adults. Their bones, muscles, tendons and movement patterns are still developing, sometimes at different rates. During puberty, bones can be particularly vulnerable to repetitive stress, while rapid changes in height and body proportions can temporarily affect strength and coordination. Their training and recovery regimens need to be designed for their biology.
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Instead, adults keep increasing the demands on young athletes – more games, more reps, more competition – while giving their growing bodies less time to recover.
And I often see the consequences in the operating room. About 1% of girls who play soccer – which puts unique strains on young athletes' knees – will suffer an ACL injury in any given season. That may sound like a manageable risk, but for girls who specialize in soccer early and play it year-round, the repeated exposure adds up. For example, a girl who plays soccer year-round throughout high school may face a 16% cumulative risk of sustaining an ACL tear over the course of her high school career.
Injuries, like ACL tears, are one way to shorten a person's "playspan" – the number of years they keep moving and playing with confidence throughout their lives. An injury like an ACL tear in high school can lead to early arthritis and long-term disability. These downstream consequences can limit participation in recreational sports during adulthood and community activities like pickleball later in life. As we increasingly recognize the lifelong physical, mental and social benefits of movement and sport, sacrificing a child's extended "playspan" for the pressured hyperfocus of youth sports is remarkably shortsighted.
Burnout can have an effect on lifetime playspan as well. When sports stop being fun, and kids come to associate physical activity with pressure, many never rediscover the joy of being active as adults.
Some countries have organized youth sports around a different philosophy. Norway's guiding principle is simple: "As many as possible, for as long as possible, and as good as possible."
Rather than pushing early specialization, children are encouraged to play multiple sports, compete close to home, and develop at their own pace. Winning matters, but so does making sure children are still playing years later, since staying active is so crucial for adults' long-term health.
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Far from producing mediocre athletes, that approach has helped develop stars like Norway’s Erling Haaland, a star of the recent World Cup. Even more impressive, of the 40 boys who grew up playing at Haaland's youth club, 35 are still playing soccer as adults.
That's the standard we should aspire to. In the United States, by contrast, the average child spends less than three years playing a sport and quits before middle school, most often because it isn't fun anymore.
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A youth sports system built around maximizing lifetime playspan would look different. It would encourage children to play multiple sports and build a broad foundation of movement before specializing. It would teach them to run, jump, throw, cut and balance before asking them to compete year-round. It would recognize that even children of the same age develop at different rates. And it would leave room for rest and recovery – and for kids to simply play.
If some children go on to earn scholarships or play professionally, that's wonderful. But the true measure of youth sports' success – the score that really matters – is how many lifelong athletes it creates.