An assessment of potential biomarkers of environment enteropathy and its association with age and microbial infections among children in Bangladesh

by Muhammad Ikhtear Uddin, Motaher Hossain, Shahidul Islam, Aklima Akter, Naoshin Sharmin Nishat, Tasnin Akter Nila, Tanzeem Ahmed Rafique, Daniel T. Leung, Stephen B. Calderwood, Edward T. Ryan, Jason B. Harris, Regina C. LaRocque, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Firdausi Qadri

Interventional studies targeting environment enteropathy (EE) are impeded by the lack of appropriate, validated, non-invasive biomarkers of EE. Thus, we aimed to validate the association of potential biomarkers for EE with enteric infections and nutritional status in a longitudinal birth cohort study. We measured endotoxin core antibody (EndoCab) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) in serum, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in feces using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We found that levels of serum EndoCab and sCD14 increase with the cumulative incidence of enteric infections. We observed a significant correlation between the fecal MPO level in the children at 24 months of age with the total number of bacterial and viral infections, the total number of parasitic infections, and the total number of diarrheal episodes and diarrheal duration. We observed that the levels of serum EndoCab, sCD14, and fecal MPO at 3 months of age were significantly associated with whether children were malnourished at 18 months of age or not. Biomarkers such as fecal MPO, serum EndoCab and sCD14 in children at an early age may be useful as a measure of cumulative burden of preceding enteric infections, which are predictive of subsequent malnutrition status and may be useful non-invasive biomarkers for EE.